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- NATURE, Page 77These Guards Just Love Fish
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- Drafting dolphins into the Navy causes an uproar
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- By Eugene Linden
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- If the Navy has its way, the Trident nuclear-submarine base
- at Bangor, Wash., will soon be guarded by an uncanny underwater
- surveillance system. Vastly more powerful than the Navy's most
- sophisticated sonar, it can identify real threats to the base,
- distinguishing them from the normal cacophony of noise in the
- cold, murky waters of Puget Sound. Developed at a cost of
- nearly $30 million, it can spot and tag intruding divers, making
- it possible for them to be intercepted, and can outmaneuver any
- underwater machine. Yet just about the only maintenance
- required is 20 lbs. of fish a day and an occasional pat. The
- system, it turns out, is a squadron of dolphins.
-
- The mere idea that the Navy is drafting marine mammals has
- created a furor. A group of 15 organizations concerned with
- animal welfare has filed a lawsuit against the Government,
- charging that moving the dolphins from their homes in warm
- southern waters to the chilly Puget Sound will endanger the
- animals. Moreover, one of their former trainers asserts that
- the Navy has abused the dolphins. Still other critics question
- the wisdom of entrusting the security of the nation's
- underwater nuclear arsenal to animals, however clever.
-
- Despite the brouhaha, the Navy is going ahead with its plans
- to use the dolphins as guards. Thomas LaPuzza, a spokesman for
- the Naval Ocean Systems Center in San Diego, where the dolphins
- have been trained, refuses to comment on their mission, which
- is classified, but claims they are highly dependable. A thorough
- investigation by the federal Marine Mammal Commission cleared
- NOSC of charges that it had abused dolphins, and Democrat Norman
- Dicks, a Washington State Congressman who sits on the House
- Defense Appropriations subcommittee, came away from a classified
- briefing on the project reassured that the animals "are more
- reliable than anything else we've got for this assignment."
-
- The Navy started training dolphins more than 20 years ago.
- At first they were given benign missions like retrieving
- objects from the sea bottom and helping in underwater-rescue
- efforts. Inevitably, however, it occurred to military planners
- that the highly intelligent dolphins, which can swim at speeds
- of up to 26 m.p.h., dive more than 1,000 ft. and find a vitamin
- capsule while blindfolded, might be turned into underwater
- patrols.
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- In the late 1960s at the Naval Undersea Center in Point
- Mugu, Calif., and then in Kaneohe Bay, Hawaii, dolphins were
- trained for duty in the Viet Nam War. In particular, the
- animals learned to attack objects with barbed darts. The plan
- was to have dolphins help protect Cam Ranh Bay by sticking darts
- into enemy divers who approached. Each dart was attached to a
- spool of tough thread and a float. When surface patrols spotted
- the float, they could reel in the hooked diver.
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- The extent to which dolphins were used in the war is
- classified information, but rumors persist that they killed
- enemy divers. Point Mugu veterans consider it more probable
- that the animals helped capture divers alive for interrogation.
- Upon realizing what the dolphins' mission would be, some of the
- trainers begged off being part of the final preparation of the
- animals. Says one: "The whole program was a hideous use of the
- most benevolent creatures I ever had the chance to know. To the
- dolphins, it was all games."
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- According to people once involved in military dolphin
- projects, the animals will be used in Puget Sound in much the
- same way as they were in Viet Nam. One probable difference is
- that the dolphins will simply mark the location of the intruder
- or ensnare swimmers through some means less brutal than darts.
- Unless war breaks out, underwater saboteurs at the Trident base
- are more likely to be antinuclear protesters or animal-rights
- activists than enemy agents. That raises the bizarre
- possibility that dolphins might help the Navy arrest dolphin
- lovers.
-
- Some scientists scoff at the notion that dolphins provide an
- effective defense against intruders. Says Stephen Leatherwood,
- a Point Mugu alumnus who subsequently spent ten years with NOSC:
- "Wouldn't you like to have more reliable protection for your
- loved one than an animal who one day might decide that it would
- rather be a dolphin than a soldier?" Leatherwood believes these
- projects demonstrate capabilities and thus keep research funds
- flowing, rather than serve any real operational purpose.
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- Sadly, whether dolphins make good soldiers or not, their use
- by the military puts them under suspicion. Paranoid governments
- may feel compelled to kill strange dolphins that suddenly appear
- in the vicinity of military installations. Says Leatherwood:
- "Using dolphins raises the question about whether we have the
- right to involve wild animals of intelligence and perhaps
- conscience in our most vile and reprehensible activity,
- warfare."
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